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Synthesis and characterizations of CuO nanoparticles using Couroupita guianensis extract for and antimicrobial applications
⁎Corresponding authors. mahi2gobi@gmail.com (C. Maheswari), thilagaphysics@gmail.com (T. Thilagavathi)
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Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Abstract
This article reports on a new rout to synthesize of copper nanoparticles with aqueous extracts from Couroupita guianensis Aubl. This is an environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and time-saving method of producing nanoparticles. The aqueous extracts of petals, stems, bark, and leaves were used to synthesize the nanoparticles. Plant extracts induce the reduction of Cu2+ ions into CuNP and act as protection and stabilization agents. The formation of CuNPs was monitored throughout the synthesis process by absorption spectra from the UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The new synthesized nanoparticles exhibited good antibacterial activity against Bacillus Subtilis and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial properties have also proven to be a good result for bacteria reduction with using copper nanoparticles as a low cost-effective production for sustainable applications from Couroupita guianensis Aubl extract.
Keywords
Copper nanoparticles
Couroupita guianensis
UV–Vis
FTIR
SEM
1 Introduction
Nanoparticles have become part of our life in cosmetics, drug delivery systems; therapeutic, biosensor, and pharmaceutical materials applications can be harnessed to dramatically enhance important material properties (Nithiyavathi et al., 2021; Poovendran et al., 2020; George et al., 2022). A discipline of nanotoxicology would play an important role in advancing safe and sustainable nanotechnology (Saravanakkumar et al., 2018; Kaviyarasu et al., 2015; Saravanakkumar et al., 2019). Advances in organizing nanoscale structures into predefined superstructures ensure that nanotechnology will have a decisive role in many technologies (Sri Rathnakumar, 2019; Sathiyaraj et al., 2021). Nanoparticles are of more great interest due to their extremely small size and large surface-to-volume ratio (Theophil Anand et al., 2019; Manjula et al., 2018). The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was achieved physically, chemically, and biologically (EL-Din Hassan et al., 2018). Biosynthesized of nanoparticles will have improved constancy, biocompatibility with reduced the toxicity (Usman et al., 2019) Copper nanoparticles have gained more concentration due to their high electrical conductivity, high melting point, low electrochemical migration and it is a cheaper metal compared to other metals as silver, gold, platinum, and palladium (Rajesh et al., 2018; Rajeshkumar and Rinitha, 2018; Rehana et al., 2017). An additional advantage of copper nanoparticles is that they oxidize to form copper nanoparticles and are stable in chemically and physically properties. Green nanotechnology became an interesting field in which functional nanoparticles were prepared from iron, zinc, copper, and gold without the use of dangerous toxic chemicals (Nazar, 2018) (see Fig. 1).
Image of Couroupita guianensis Aubl flower is known by a variety of common names including cannonball tree.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles is seen as a more significant and cost-effective process with a particular focus on the approach to protecting the environment and the ecosystem (Sebeia, 2019; Vidovix et al., 2019). The biosynthesis of nanoparticles through natural resources such as plant extracts (Chand Mali et al., 2019; Rani et al., 2020), bacteria, fungi, enzymes, algae, etc. is an emerging area (Asghar et al., 2018). Natural resources are enriched with several secondary metabolites that could be used to synthesize nanoparticles, providing benefits such as energy literacy, cost efficiency and environmentally friendly chemicals. Biosynthesized NPs have good medicinal properties compared to NPs synthesized using traditional methods. Biosynthesized nanoparticles have significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anticancer of C. guianensis Aubl (Sathishkumar et al., 2016; Vimala Gnanasekar, 2015). Therefore, this study applied on the use of the active ingredients from C. guianensis extract for the biosynthesis of copper nanostructures for antimicrobial activity. Modern developments and applications of nanotechnologies provide many research and industries processes that are actively involved in the production, preparation and discovered unique of new materials as well as numerous applicable in every major industry. There is a considerable potential for profitable applications for the future. Nanoparticles have received significant attention as an emerging class of nanomaterials used in different field (Ramesh et al., 2021).
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Collection of plants and chemicals
Copper sulphate [CuSO4] was purchased from Aldrich. Fresh and healthy leaves, stems, petals, and bark of C. guianensis were collected in the state of Tamilnadu, India. After washing thoroughly, the petiole, petals and bark were scraped and dried in the shade for 5–7 days, and then dried and ground to a fine powder using a commercial stainless steel electric mixer.
2.2 Preparation of plant extracts
The extract was prepared by mixing 10 g of powdered leaves, stems, petals, and barks in 100 ml of deionized water and boiled at 60 °C for 30 min and filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper to remove the deposits. The extract was stored at 4 °C for further experimental work.
2.3 CuNPs synthesis using C. guianensis extract
For the synthesis of CuNPs, 0.25 g of copper sulfate [CuSO4] was dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water; 4 ml of each C. guianensis extract was added dropwise and stirred for 10 min using a magnetic stirrer until a deep green colour formed. The reaction mixture was further stirred at 60 °C for 1–2 h. The resulting reaction mixture was kept at room temperature (12–14 h) and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. The resulting precipitates were rinsed with deionized water, followed by washing with absolute ethanol (2–3 times) to remove residual impurities, then the precipitates were dried in an oven about 70 °C for 10 h.
2.4 Characterization of fabricated CuNPs
Synthesized CuNPs were characterized by various conventional techniques. The optical properties of synthesized CuNPs were examined with a Shimadzu spectrometer (model UV 2600) in the wavelength range from 200 nm to 800 nm. The XRD measurement of CuNPs was performed on an XPERT-PRO operating at 30 mA and 40 kV at a 2θ angle pattern using monochromatic CuKα radiation. The scanning was carried out in the range of 20 θ – 80 θ and the crystal size was calculated from the width of the XRD peaks using the Scherrer's formula D = 0.94λ / βCosθ. Here, D is the average crystalline domain size at right angles to the resulting planes, is the X-ray wavelength (1.5406 Å), β is the half-maximum of the full width, and θ is the diffraction angle. The size and morphology of copper nanoparticles were examined with a scanning electron microscope (Sigma HV-Quantan 200-Z10EDS) at 20 KV.
2.5 Antibacterial activity assay
The tested compound was prepared for their in vitro antimicrobial activities, which are carried out against two bacterial strains Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. The results showed the antimicrobial activity ranging from moderate to good activities. The antibacterial activity was carried out using the diffusion plate method. This was done using the agar well diffusion technique (Mani et al., 2021). The bacteria were kept on Czapek-Dox agar medium. The agar media were inoculated with various microorganisms. The diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was measured for bacteria after 24 h of incubation at 30 °C. A filter paper sterilized disc saturated with measured quantity (25 µl) of the sample (1 mg/ml) is placed on a plate (9 cm diameter) containing a solid bacterial medium Czapek-Dox agar medium which has been seeded with the spore suspension of the test organism. After incubation at 30 °C for 24 h for bacteria the diameter of the clear zone of inhibition surrounding the sample is taken as a measure of the inhibitory power of the sample against the test organism (% inhibition = sample inhibition zone (cm) / plate diameter × 100). The antimicrobial activity of the tested compounds were examined with gram positive bacteria, Bacillus cereus, and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (Gnanasekar et al., 2018; Sathishkumar et al., 2017; Pinheiro et al., 2010; Anna Sheba and Anuradha, 2020).
3 Results and discussion
3.1 X-ray diffraction analysis
The formation of CuNPs is confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern of CuNPs powder is shown in (Fig. 2). All diffraction peaks are well indexed on the face-centered cubic area. The (FFC) crystalline structural phases of copper that works well with the JCPDS card No. 89-2838. All peak positions agree with metallic copper. The sharp peaks of the XRD pattern indicate the crystalline nature of the product (Landg, 2021; Bindhu et al., 2021).
XRD patterns of powdered CuNPs of C. guianensis; (a) Flower Petals; (b) Stem; (c) Bark and; (d) Leaves.
3.2 Particle size distribution
In accordance with Fig. 3, the particle size distribution of CuNPs using plant extracts from Couroupita Guianensis Aubl has confirmed that the mean diameter size of these nanoparticles is 1.3 nm − 188 nm for petals and stems, 3.5 nm − 188 nm for bark and 1.3 nm for the case of leaves (Sumathi and Anuradha, 2016; Couroupita guianensis Aubl, 2016).
Particle size distribution curve of C. guianensis (a). Flower Petals (b). Stem (c) Bark and (d) Leaves.
3.3 UV–visible absorption spectra of CuNPs
UV analysis was used to quickly confirm the formation and stability of CuNPs, as the plasmon peak of Cu is sensitive to the size and shape of the resulting NPs. The UV spectrum of biosynthesized CuNPs was given (Fig. 4) typically, broad peaks at higher wavelengths indicate an increase in particle size, while a narrow peak at shorter wavelengths indicates the formation of smaller CuNPs (Islam Khan and Kato-Noguchi, 2016; Shwethau et al., 2020). A sharp and relatively narrow absorption between 260 nm and 380 nm was observed. The leaves and petal extract turned pale yellow when administered with 1 mM copper sulphate solution within 24 h, but stem and bark extracts changed colour while the reaction mixture was heated for 10–15 min. The reaction mixture with aqueous extract from leaves and bark exhibited a maximum absorption spectral peak at 260 to 380 nm, stem, and flower at 270 nm to 320 nm (Bassyouni, 2021; Shekhawat and Manokari, 2016).
UV visible spectrums of CuNPs made from couroupita guianensis; (a) Flower petals; (b) Stem; (c) Bark and; (d) Leaves.
3.4 FTIR analysis
The synthesis solution of CuNPs gave each molecule, and some of them are adsorbed on the surface of CuNP. FTIR analysis was performed to further demonstrate the successful conjugation of some of the molecules associated with CuNP. Fig. 5 shows the overlap of FTIR spectra of plant extracts from Couroupita Guianensis Aubl and bioreduced CuNP. The absorption peaks observed at 1650 and 3353 contribute to the flexural and stretching vibration of the moisture content on the surface of CuNPs (Bassyouni, 2021; Bassyouni, 2017). Some excellent absorption bands for petal extract have been observed at approximately 3196, 2452, 2079, 1650, 1102 and 871 cm−1. Main peaks at 3196 cm−1 (OH stretching of the phenol group), 2452 cm−1 (O⚌C⚌C-stretching), 2079 cm−1 (N⚌C⚌S-stretching), 1650 cm−1 (C⚌N Stretch), 1102 cm−1 (CO stretch) and 871 cm−1 (C⚌C-bending) Some known absorption bands for strain extract of CuNPs were observed at approximately 2738, 2409, 1763, 1375 and 831 cm−1. Synthesized CuNPs exhibited main peaks of 2738 cm−1 (aldehyde C–H stretching). 2409 (O⚌C⚌C stretching), 1763 (C⚌O stretching), 1375 (aldehyde C–H stretching), and 831 cm−1 (C⚌C bending). Synthesized CuNPs using bark extracts show the main peaks at 3655 and 3424 cm−1 (OH stretching of the phenolic group), 2346 cm-1 (O⚌C⚌O stretching), 1475 cm−1 (OH bending), 1116 cm−1 (CO stretching) and 793 cm−1 (C⚌C bending). FTIR analysis of CuNPs using leaf extract produces strong peaks at 3353 cm−1 (OH stretching of the phenolic group), 2762 cm−1 (CH stretching), 2386 cm−1 (O⚌C⚌O stretching), 2068 cm−1 (C⚌C⚌C-stretching), 1763 cm−1 (C⚌O-stretching), 1626 cm−1 (C⚌C-stretching), 1375 cm−1 (OH bending), 999 cm−1 and 897 cm−1 (C⚌C-bending).
FTIR spectrums of CuNPs made from couroupita guianensis; (a) Flower petals; (b) Stem; (c) Bark and; (d) Leaves.
3.5 SEM analysis
SEM images (Fig. 6) showed that the synthesized CuNPs were clustered, and the surfaces of the aggregates were irregular. As observed, the images showed that the particles were present in both mono-disperse and agglomerated forms with approximately spherical morphologies. Such a variation in particle size and shape distribution could be explained by the chemical structures of the various components contained in the plant extracts (Bassyouni et al., 2014).
SEM images of biosynthesized CuNPs of couroupita guianensis; (a) Flower petals; (b) Stem; (c) Bark and; (d) Leaves.
3.6 Antibacterial activities
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized CuNPs was tested against bacteria by the zone inhibition disk diffusion method (Renuka et al., 2020; Mani et al., 2021; Anand et al., 2021; Mani et al., 2021). The copper nanoparticles showed good activity against Escherichia Coli (Gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive). The results showed that the inhibition zone (Table 1) for the strains examined was 14, 11, 14, 13 mm for E. coli and 16, 16, 17, 18 mm for Bacillus subtilis should also be investigated on the broader range of bacterial strains (Fig. 7).
Name of the Organism
Flower Petals
Stem
Bark
Leaves
Standard
Sample
Standard
Sample
Standard
Sample
Standard
Sample
bacillus sutillis
15
18
16
16
15
16
15
17
Escherichia coli
15
13
12
11
15
14
15
13
Antibacterial activity of CuNPs containing C. guianensis against Bacillus Subtillis and Escherichia Coli; (a) Flower petals; (b) Stem; (c) Bark and; (d) Leaves.
4 Conclusion
In the present work, the synthesis of copper nanoparticles was investigated using aqueous extracts of Couroupita Guianensis Aubl (flower petals, stem bark and leaves) as a stabilizer agent. A simple and feasible method is presented in this work to produce copper nanoparticles with desirable functional properties. The synthesized copper nanoparticles were characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, particle size distribution and SEM. UV–vis spectra of all CuNPs showed a characteristic absorption peak at 260 nm to 380 nm. FTIR analysis showed the presence of group features of phenols, flavonoids and other active substances in the bio extracts examined. Sharp peaks of the synthesized CuNPs also appeared in the XRD spectrum, confirming their crystalline nature. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles confirmed the mean diameter size of 1.3–188 nm. The characterization of CuNPs were subjected to the antibacterial activity for gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains, and exhibited good results for Bacillus sutillis, mainly due to its thin peptidoglycan layer and the electrostatic interaction between the bacterial cell wall and the surfaces of CuNPs. The CuNPs may be an effective product used for many biomedical applications, which could be a potential agent.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
S. Logambal: Writing – original draft. C. Maheswari: Writing – review & editing. S. Chandrasekar: Visualization. T. Thilagavathi: Data curation, Writing – review & editing. C. Inmozhi: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. S. Panimalar: Investigation, Methodology. F.A. Bassyouni: Writing – review & editing. R. Uthrakumar: Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Mohamed Ragab Abdel Gawwad: Visualization. Reem M. Aljowaie: Visualization. Dunia A. Al Farraj: Visualization, Funding acquisition. K. Kanimozhi: Visualization.
Acknowledgement
The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RSP-2021/190), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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