Biological synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the plant extract, Wattakaka volubilis showed anti-microbial and anti-hyperglycemic effects

Subhaschandrabose Jeyabharathi; Suresh Naveenkumar; Subburaman Chandramohan; Narayanan Venkateshan; Mohamed Ragab Abdel Gawwad; Mohamed S. Elshikh; Rabab Ahmed Rasheed; Dunia A. Al Farraj; Azhaguchamy Muthukumaran

doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101881

View/Download PDF

Buy Reprints

PDF

Translate this page into:

Original article

04 2022

:34;

101881

doi:

10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101881

Biological synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the plant extract, Wattakaka volubilis showed anti-microbial and anti-hyperglycemic effects

Subhaschandrabose Jeyabharathi^{^a}, Suresh Naveenkumar^{^a}, Subburaman Chandramohan^{^b}, Narayanan Venkateshan^{^c}, Mohamed Ragab Abdel Gawwad^{^d}, Mohamed S. Elshikh^{^e}, Rabab Ahmed Rasheed^{^f}, Dunia A. Al Farraj^{^e}, Azhaguchamy Muthukumaran^{^a,⁎}

a Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India

b Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600062, India

c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India

d Department of Genetics & Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

e Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia

f Department of Histology & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt

⁎Corresponding author. a.muthukumaran@klu.ac.in (Azhaguchamy Muthukumaran)

Received: 2021-12-4, Accepted: 2022-1-28,

Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

Abstract

Background

In this study, a synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) was performed using Wattakaka volubilis leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. The plant leaf extract contains various secondary metabolites, other nutritional and medicinal products.

Methods

The prepared ZnONPs were characterized using Ultra Violet-visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The anti-bacterial study was done by the well diffusion method.

Results

The synthesized ZnONPs were spherical in shape, ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The FTIR bands were sharp with strong absorption peaks at 414.70 cm⁻¹, showing the Zn group's presence. The zinc oxide nanoparticles anti-bacterial effects were tested in gram-positive Staphyllococcus epidermidis (MTTC 9040) and gram-negative Enterobacter aeurogens (MTCC 8100). ZnONPs showed excellent anti hyperglycemic potential in zebrafish adults in the present work.

Conclusion

The zinc oxide nanoparticles have been effectively developed for antimicrobial in diabetic-based wound healing applications in biomedical fields. The findings of the current study have provided several interesting new avenues for future research exploration.

Keywords

Wattakaka volubilis

ZnONPs

Staphyllococcus epidermidis

Enterobacter aeurogens

Antimicrobial

Alloxan and antihyperglycemic

Show Related Articles from PubMed

1 Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is well known metabolic disorder causing more deaths and globally, the number of cases will double in the next 20 years (Lin et al., 1999). Zinc deficiency in beta cells is one of the reasons for the diabetic condition (Umrani and Paknikar, 2014). Zinc plays an influential role in activating more than 300 enzymes in the human body. The leading cause of diabetes is the higher level of oxidative stress (Haase et al., 2008) and the decreased levels of zinc in the pancreas are related to the highest chance of hyperglycemic conditions. In humans, there is a relationship between zinc levels and diabetes-associated complications. More importantly, zinc increases insulin's structural integrity and secretion (Sun et al., 2009; Chausmer, 1998). Some studies clearly showed that 70% of zinc is found in β-cells (Smidt et al., 2009). Zinc plays an essential role in activating NF-B in the diabetogenic pathway and protective effect on diabetes risk (Virtanen and Knip, 2003), homeostasis by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (Hogstrand et al., 2009) and insulin-mimetic activity by activating insulin-signaling through Akt/PKB phosphorylation (Basuki et al., 2007).

In human cells, natural zinc oxide nanoparticles were available in the range of 1–100 nm (Bondarenko et al., 2013). The zinc oxide nanoparticles have been widely studied since 1935 and have gained significant attention in the scientific community as future material (Suresh et al., 2018). The zinc oxide nanoparticles were widely used in nanodiagnostics, nanomedicine and anti-bacterial applications (Bobo et al., 2016; Ahmed et al., 2016).

The beneficial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress levels were also studied in streptozotocin-induced rats (Umrani and Paknikar, 2015). Zinc is essential for the growth of the beta cells and insulin production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (Bhattacharya and Gupta, 2005). Biological synthesis of nanoparticles have many advantages including cost and eco-friendly (Ezhilarasi et al., 2016; Ezhilarasi et al., 2020) and, alternative for physical and chemical methods (Ezhilarasi et al., 2020). The plant extracts mediated nanoparticle synthesis has been considered reliable and ecofriendly to nature (Singh et al., 2018). The plant crude extract contains many secondary metabolites responsible for reducing into nanoparticles formation (Aromal and and Philip, 2012; Agarwal, 1986). The various plant leaf extracts were used for nanoparticles synthesis such as silver (Thomas et al., 2019; Valsalam et al., 2019), nickel oxide (Ezhilarasi et al., 2018; Ramesh et al., 2021), zinc zirconate (Matinise et al., 2021), iron oxide (Radhakrishnan et al., 2020), titanium dioxide (Fall et al., 2021), cadmium selenide (Iyyappa rajan et al., 2018), zinc-iron oxide (Matinise et al., 2018), and zinc tin oxide (Mayedwa et al., 2018).

In this study, a hyperglycemic condition in adult zebrafish was induced by alloxan, followed by the administration of ZnONPs. The ant-microbial activity was studied in S. epidermidis and E. aeurogens (Pullaiah, 2002; Nakamoto, 2009).

2 Materials and methods

2.1

2.1 Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis

The fresh leaves of Wattakaka volubilis were purchased from the vegetable market in Tiruchirappalli, India. The fresh green leaves were air-dried in shadow and made into fine powder. The 1 g of fine powder was mixed with 25 ml of deionized water and 50 mM of zinc acetate (Himedia Laboratory, India). The reaction mixture was kept at 120 °C for 30 min. After centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 15 min, the supernatant was discarded. The washing step was continued at least four times and sonication was done for 1 min.

2.2

2.2 Characterization of ZnONPs

2.2.1

2.2.1 FTIR analysis

In the present study, the functional groups of zinc oxide nanoparticles were evaluated in Fourier Transformer Infrared spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-8400, Japan) by KBr pellet method (Jeyabharathi et al., 2015).

2.2.2

2.2.2 X-ray diffraction study

The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were studied by using X-ray diffraction (D8 Advance ECO XRD Systems with SSD1601 D Detector, Bruker, USA) with CuKa radiation. The XRD patterns of the zinc oxide nanoparticles were calculated as per the following Scherer’s equation. $D = \frac{K λ}{β cos θ}$

D - Crystalline size of nanoparticle
K - Scherer, s constant (0.94)
λ - Wavelength (1.546 × 10⁻¹⁰)
β - Full width half maximum of the diffraction peak
cosθ - Bragg angle

2.2.3

2.2.3 The SEM-EDX mapping of ZnONPs

The shape of the ZnONPs was studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (Carl Zeiss Evo 18, Germany). For study purposes, one drop of the sample was taken for SEM analysis and further, the elemental composition was analyzed by an Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Bruker, USA) coupled with SEM.

2.2.4

2.2.4 Experimental setup for alloxan administration

The healthy zebrafishes were maintained in good laboratory conditions (14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod, 28 ± 1 °C).

The zebrafishes were categorized into five sets followed by,

Set I: Control group - Untreated zebrafish

Set II: Zebrafish induced with alloxan for diabetics (5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 & 400 mg/ml)

Set III: Diabetics induced with alloxan and treated with ZnONPs (1 mg/ml)

Set IV: Diabetics induced with alloxan and treated with crude extracts of W. volubilis (1 mg/ml)

Set V: Diabetics induced with alloxan and treated with standard drug Metformin (1 mg/ml)

2.2.5

2.2.5 Measurement of glucose level in zebrafish blood

The present study measured blood glucose levels in control and alloxan-treated zebrafish using a commercially available glucometer.

2.2.6

2.2.6 Anti-bacterial study

The anti-bacterial study was done by the well diffusion method. The bacterial inoculum was streak uniformly using a sterile cotton swab on a sterile petri plate with nutrient agar. The petri dishes were incubated for 24 h at 36 ± 1 °C. After incubation, the bacterial growth was measured (dm in mm).

3 Results

In this study, zinc acetate stock solution, when added to the W. volubilis extracts, leads to the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles denoted by the change in green to golden yellow color (Fig. 1.) The UV–visible spectroscopic study has established the synthesis of ZnONPs. The peak found at 291 nm established the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the mixture (Fig. 2) The XRD pattern of the study showed the amorphous nature of the ZnONPs with the calculated crystallite size was found to the 16.79 nm (Fig. 3). Meanwhile, FTIR peak at 414.70 cm⁻¹ reveals the presence of ZnONPs (Fig. 4). The band observation of (NH) C=O stretching band at 1635.64 cm⁻¹ and C–H strong stretching band at 2181.49 cm⁻¹ were sharper and broader for zinc oxide nanoparticles in the reaction. Indeed the ZnONPs were further confirmed by spherical shaped morphology (Fig. 5) similar to a recent study (Jeyabharathi et al., 2017). The mapping of ZnONPs revealed a homogeneous distribution (Fig. 6A) of zinc (Red) and oxygen (Green) matrix, which was confirmed by small area element composition analysis (Fig. 6 B, C). The EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of zinc and oxygen in the sample (Fig. 6 D).

Precipitation of the ZnONPs from Wattakaka volubilis.

The UV spectroscopic analysis of ZnONPs.

XRD patterns of the zinc oxide nanoparticles.

The FTIR analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles.

The SEM-EDX mapping (a-SEM analysis; b- Red colour indicates (Zn); C-Green colour indicates (O); d. EDX analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles.

3.1

3.1 Induction of hyperglycaemic effect in zebrafish

In this study, alloxan-induced at the concentration of 400 μg/ml showed a high level of mortality in zebrafish and other concentrations did not change in the survival compared to control (Fig. 7A). The alloxan-induced zebrafish blood glucose levels were also studied (Figs. 7B, 8).

A. Effects of different concentration of alloxan on blood glucose levels in zebrafish (24 h). B. Effects of different concentration of alloxan on survival of zebrafish (24 h).

Effect of alloxan on blood glucose level in zebrafish with different time intervals.

3.2

3.2 Effect of ZnONPs on hyperglycaemic zebrafish

Interestingly, zinc oxide nanoparticles lower the glucose level in alloxan-induced zebrafish compared to control (45–55 mg/dl). The hyperglycemic zebrafish were treated with ZnONPs, which decreased glucose levels (138 mg/dl) in a time and dose-dependent manner (Fig. 9).

Comparison of standard drug (metformin), ZnONPs and W. volbulis. on zebrafish.

3.3

3.3 Anti-Bacterial study of ZnONPs

In control, there was no zone of inhibition (Fig. 10) was noted. The ZnONPs synthesized by W. volbulis plant extracts are found to possess good antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (16 mm) and E. aerogenes (10 mm). The present results showed that (Fig. 10) gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible towards ZnONPs from plants extracts (W. volubilis) when compared to gram-negative bacteria (Martin et al., 2004; Lin and Sun, 2010).

Antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. A. Staphyllococcus epidermidis B. Enterobacter aeurogens.

4 Discussion

In this study, the plant leaf extracts contain metabolites and other compounds as reducing and capping agents for zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis. The present study's findings have collaborated with some studies with zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis (Santhoshkumar et al., 2017). Furthermore, other studies were undertaken on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats (Bai et al., 2010; Barber, 2003; Aizu et al., 2002 ). The alloxan and streptozotocin were commonly used to induce diabetics in zebrafish, as well as present results were similar to the previous study (Stefani et al., 2018). From the study of Umrani and Paknikar, 2014, it was evident that zinc oxide nanoparticles can stimulate potent anti-diabetic activity in both types of (type 1 and type 2) diabetic rats. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the extracts of W. volubilis plant, which is promising in treating diabetes. In addition, these changes may be due to the cell wall in gram-positive bacteria being a single layer, whereas the gram-negative cell wall is many-layered (Bullani et al., 2011).

On the other hand, the passing of the compounds through the gram-negative cell wall may be inhibited. The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria has Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane not present in gram-positive bacteria. Some of the common problems associated with diabetic patients are foot infections and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) (Diene et al., 2013). The infections were caused by some pathogens of aerobic gram-positive cocci, like Staphylococci. This organism was also a vital etiological agent in wound infections; in particular, S. epidermidis has been isolated from around 60% of all the infected feet of diabetic patients. Enterobacter spp. was one of the bacteria involved in UTI in diabetic patients (Nicolau and Stein, 2010). The silver and silver oxide nanoparticles were used to induce antibacterial against S. aureus and present results were similar to the previous study (Mani et al., 2021c, 2021b, 2021a ).

5 Conclusion

We have successfully synthesized green ZnONPs via plant-based green synthesis, exhibiting an excellent anti-diabetic property with high compatibility and good anti-bacterial activity. The reduction of zinc ions and their capping was achieved by organic molecules present in the leaf extract of W. volubilis and the safety evaluation of ZnONPs. The advantages of this study are not limited to the synthesis of an anti-diabetic element but also revealed the nontoxic nature of the synthesized ZnONPs, extended to the reliable and facile formulation of the nano-drug and the possibility to be scaled up. The development of drug design may be traced back to the origins of the primary chemicals. In the future, it will be necessary to identify and isolate the active molecule responsible for the antidiabetic effect, as well as to elucidate the molecular structure of the active compound.

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RSP -2021/190), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

Agarwal V.S., . Economic Plants of India. Calcutta (India): Kailash Prakashan; 1986.
Ahmed S., Ahmad M., Swami B.L., Ikram S., . A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. J. Adv. Res.. 2016;7(1):17-28.
[Google Scholar]
Aizu Y., Oyanagi K., Hu J., Nakagawa H., . Degeneration of retinal neuronal processes and pigment epithelium in the early stage of the streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Neuropathology. 2002;22(3):161-170.
[Google Scholar]
Aromal S.A., Philip D., . Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Trigonella foenum-graecum and its size-dependent catalytic activity. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.. 2012;97:1-5.
[Google Scholar]
Bai W., Zhang Z., Tian W., He X., Ma Y., Zhao Y., Chai Z., . Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to zebrafish embryo: a physicochemical study of toxicity mechanism. J. Nanopart. Res.. 2010;12(5):1645-1654.
[Google Scholar]
Barber A.J., . A new view of diabetic retinopathy: a neurodegenerative disease of the eye. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003;27(2):283-290.
[Google Scholar]
Basuki W., Hiromura M., Sakurai H., . Insulinomimetic Zn complex (Zn(opt)2) enhances insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Inorg. Biochem.. 2007;101(4):692-699.
[Google Scholar]
Bhattacharya D., Gupta R.K., . Nanotechnology and potential of microorganisms. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.. 2005;25(4):199-204.
[Google Scholar]
Bobo D., Robinson K.J., Islam J., Thurecht K.J., Corrie S.R., . Nanoparticle-based medicines: a review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. Pharm. Res.. 2016;33(10):2373-2387.
[Google Scholar]
Bondarenko O., Juganson K., Ivask A., Kasemets K., Mortimer M., Kahru A., . Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: a critical review. Arch. Toxicol.. 2013;87(7):1181-1200.
[Google Scholar]
Bullani R., El-Housseini Y., Giordano F., Larcinese A., Ciutto L., Bertrand P.C., Wuerzner G., Burnier M., Teta D., . Effect of intradialytic resistance band exercise on physical function in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a pilot study. J. Renal Nutr.. 2011;21(1):61-65.
[Google Scholar]
Chausmer A.B., . Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.. 1998;17(2):109-115.
[Google Scholar]
Diene, S.M., Merhej, V., Henry, M., El Filali, A., Roux, V., Robert, C., Azza, S., Gavory, F., Barbe, V., La Scola, B., Raoult, D., 2013. The rhizome of the multidrug-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes genome reveals how new “killer bugs” are created because of a sympatric lifestyle. Mol. Biol. Evol., 30(2), pp. 369-383.
Ezhilarasi A.A., Judith Vijaya J., Kaviyarasu K., John Kennedy L., Ramalingam R.J., Al-Lohedan H.A., . Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaf extract for the evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 2018;180:39-50.
[Google Scholar]
Ezhilarasi A.A., Vijaya J.J., Kaviyarasu K., Maaza M., Ayeshamariam A., Kennedy L.J., . Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera extract and their biomedical applications: Cytotoxicity effect of nanoparticles against HT-29 cancer cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 2016;164:352-360.
[Google Scholar]
Ezhilarasi A.A., Vijaya J.J., Kaviyarasu K., Zhang X.u., Kennedy L.J., . Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Solanum trilobatum extract for cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic studies. Surf. Interfaces. 2020;20:100553.
[Google Scholar]
Ezhilarasi A.A., Vijaya J.J., Kennedy L.J., Kaviyarasu K., . Green mediated NiO nano-rods using Phoenix dactylifera (Dates) extract for biomedical and environmental applications. Mater. Chem. Phys.. 2020;241:122419.
[Google Scholar]
Fall A., Ngom I., Bakayoko M., Sylla N.F., Elsayed Ahmed Mohamed H., Jadvi K., Kaviyarasu K., Ngom B.D., . Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by using natural extract of Citrus sinensis. Mater. Today Proc.. 2021;36:349-356.
[Google Scholar]
Haase H., Overbeck S., Rink L., . Zinc supplementation for the treatment or prevention of disease: current status and future perspectives. Exp. Gerontol.. 2008;43(5):394-408.
[Google Scholar]
Hogstrand C., Kille P., Nicholson R.I., Taylor K.M., . Zinc transporters and cancer: a potential role for ZIP7 as a hub for tyrosine kinase activation. Trends Mol. Med.. 2009;15(3):101-111.
[Google Scholar]
Iyyappa Rajan P., Judith Vijaya J., Jesudoss S.K., Kaviyarasu K., Lee S.C., John Kennedy L., Jothiramalingam R., Al-Lohedan H.A., Mahamad Abdullah M., . Investigation on preferably oriented abnormal growth of CdSe nanorods along (0002) plane synthesized by henna leaf extract-mediated green synthesis. R. Soc. Open Sci.. 2018;5(3):171430
[Google Scholar]
Jeyabharathi S., Kalishwaralal K., Sundar K., Muthukumaran A., . Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) by aqueous extract of Amaranthus caudatus and evaluation of their toxicity and antimicrobial activity. Mater. Lett.. 2017;209:295-298.
[Google Scholar]
Jeyabharathi, S., Kalishwaralal, K., Sundar, K., Muthukumaran, A., 2015.Green Synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles (ZnONPs) from the leaves of Eugenia jambolana and its toxicty effects in embryos of zebra fish (Daniorerio). Inter. Conf. Nanomat. Nanotech. At K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India, 2015, 5.
Lin J., Opoku A.R., Geheeb-Keller M., Hutchings A.D., Terblanche S.E., Jäger A.K., van Staden J., . Preliminary screening of some traditional zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. J. Ethnopharmacol.. 1999;68(1-3):267-274.
[Google Scholar]
Lin Y., Sun Z., . Current views on type 2 diabetes. J. Endocrinol.. 2010;204(1):1.
[Google Scholar]
Mani M., Harikrishnan R., Purushothaman P., Pavithra S., Rajkumar P., Kumaresan S., Al Farraj D.A., Elshikh M.S., Balasubramanian B., Kaviyarasu K., . Systematic green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial activity. Environ. Res.. 2021;202:111627.
[Google Scholar]
Mani M., Okla M.K., Selvaraj S., Kumar A.R., Kumaresan S., Muthukumaran A., Kaviyarasu K., El-Tayeb M.A., Elbadawi Y.B., Almaary K.S., Almunqedhi B.M.A., . A novel biogenic Allium cepa leaf mediated silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects on MCF-7 cell line. Environ. Res.. 2021;198:111199
[Google Scholar]
Mani M., Pavithra S., Mohanraj K., Kumaresan S., Alotaibi S.S., Eraqi M.M., Gandhi A.D., Babujanarthanam R., Maaza M., Kaviyarasu K., . Studies on the spectrometric analysis of metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Basella alba leaf for the antibacterial activities. Environ. Res.. 2021;199:111274.
[Google Scholar]
Martin P.M., Roon P., Van Ells T.K., Ganapathy V., Smith S.B., . Death of retinal neurons in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.. 2004;45(9):3330-3336.
[Google Scholar]
Matinise N., Kaviyarasu K., Mongwaketsi N., Khamlich S., Kotsedi L., Mayedwa N., Maaza M., . Green synthesis of novel zinc iron oxide (ZnFe2O4) nanocomposite via Moringa Oleifera natural extract for electrochemical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci.. 2018;446:66-73.
[Google Scholar]
Matinise N., Mayedwa N., Kaviyarasu K., Nuru Z.Y., Madiba I.G., Mongwaketsi N., Fuku X., Maaza M., . Zinc zirconate (ZnZrO3) nanocomposites bimetallic designed by green synthesis via Moringa Olefeira extract for high-performance electrochemical applications. Mater. Today Proc.. 2021;36:401-407.
[Google Scholar]
Mayedwa N., Mongwaketsi N., Khamlich S., Kaviyarasu K., Matinise N., Maaza M., . Green synthesis of zin tin oxide (ZnSnO3) nanoparticles using Aspalathus Linearis natural extracts: structural, morphological, optical and electrochemistry study. Appl. Surf. Sci.. 2018;446:250-257.
[Google Scholar]
Nakamoto K., . Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and Bioinorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
Nicolau D.P., Stein G.E., . Therapeutic options for diabetic foot infections: a review with an emphasis on tissue penetration characteristics. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc.. 2010;100(1):52-63.
[Google Scholar]
Pullaiah T., . Medicinal Plants in Andhra Pradesh. India: Daya Books; 2002.
Radhakrishnan R., Lakshmi D., Ali Khan F.L., Ramalingam G., Kaviyarasu K., . Bio-synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using neem leaf cake extract and its influence in the agronomical traits of vigna mungo plant. Asian J. Nanosci. Mater.. 2020;3(1):38-46.
[Google Scholar]
Ramesh R., Yamini V., Sundaram S.J., Khan F.L.A., Kaviyarasu K., . Investigation of structural and optical properties of NiO nanoparticles mediated by Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract. Mater. Today Proc.. 2021;36:268-272.
[Google Scholar]
Santhoshkumar J., Kumar S.V., Rajeshkumar S., . Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen. Resour.-Effic. Technol.. 2017;3(4):459-465.
[Google Scholar]
Singh J., Dutta T., Kim K.H., Rawat M., Samddar P., Kumar P., . ‘Green’synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: applications for environmental remediation. J. Nanobiotechnol.. 2018;16(1):1-24.
[Google Scholar]
Smidt K., Jessen N., Petersen A.B., Larsen A., Magnusson N., Jeppesen J.B., Stoltenberg M., Culvenor J.G., Tsatsanis A., Brock B., Schmitz O., . SLC30A3 responds to glucose-and zinc variations in ß-cells and Is critical for insulin production and in vivo glucose-metabolism during ß-cell stress. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(5):e5684
[Google Scholar]
Stefani S., Ngatidjan S., Paotiana M., Sitompul K.A., Abdullah M., Sulistianingsih D.P., Shankar A.H., Agustina R., . Dietary quality of predominantly traditional diets is associated with blood glucose profiles, but not with total fecal Bifidobacterium in Indonesian women. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208815
[Google Scholar]
Sun Q., Van Dam R.M., Willett W.C., Hu F.B., . Prospective study of zinc intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):629-634.
[Google Scholar]
Suresh J., Pradheesh G., Alexramani V., Sundrarajan M., Hong S.I., . Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its anti-microbial as well as anticancer activities. Adv. Nat. Sci.: Nanosci. Nanotechnol.. 2018;9(1):015008
[Google Scholar]
Thomas B., Vithiya B., Prasad T., Mohamed S.B., Magdalane C.M., Kaviyarasu K., Maaza M., . Antioxidant and photocatalytic activity of aqueous leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.. 2019;19(5):2640-2648.
[Google Scholar]
Umrani R.D., Paknikar K.M., . Zinc oxide nanoparticles show antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. Nanomedicine. 2014;9(1):89-104.
[Google Scholar]
Umrani, R.D., Paknikar, K.M., 2015. Jasada bhasma, a zinc-based ayurvedic preparation: Contemporary evidence of antidiabetic activity inspires development of a nanomedicine. Evidence-Based Comp. Alternative Med., 2015.
Valsalam S., Agastian P., Arasu M.V., Al-Dhabi N.A., Ghilan A.K.M., Kaviyarasu K., Ravindran B., Chang S.W., Arokiyaraj S., . Rapid biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Tropaeolum majus L. and its enhanced in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer properties. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 2019;191:65-74.
[Google Scholar]
Virtanen S.M., Knip M., . Nutritional risk predictors of β cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age. Am. J. Clin. Nutri.. 2003;78(6):1053-1067.
[Google Scholar]

Introduction

Materials and methods

Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis
Characterization of ZnONPs

Results

Induction of hyperglycaemic effect in zebrafish
Effect of ZnONPs on hyperglycaemic zebrafish
Anti-Bacterial study of ZnONPs

Discussion

Conclusion

Fulltext Views
74

PDF downloads
15

View/Download PDF
Download Citations

BibTeX
RIS

Show Sections

[1] Agarwal V.S., . Economic Plants of India. Calcutta (India): Kailash Prakashan; 1986.

[2] Ahmed S., Ahmad M., Swami B.L., Ikram S., . A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. J. Adv. Res.. 2016;7(1):17-28.
[Google Scholar]

[3] Aizu Y., Oyanagi K., Hu J., Nakagawa H., . Degeneration of retinal neuronal processes and pigment epithelium in the early stage of the streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Neuropathology. 2002;22(3):161-170.
[Google Scholar]

[4] Aromal S.A., Philip D., . Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Trigonella foenum-graecum and its size-dependent catalytic activity. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.. 2012;97:1-5.
[Google Scholar]

[5] Bai W., Zhang Z., Tian W., He X., Ma Y., Zhao Y., Chai Z., . Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to zebrafish embryo: a physicochemical study of toxicity mechanism. J. Nanopart. Res.. 2010;12(5):1645-1654.
[Google Scholar]

[6] Barber A.J., . A new view of diabetic retinopathy: a neurodegenerative disease of the eye. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003;27(2):283-290.
[Google Scholar]

[7] Basuki W., Hiromura M., Sakurai H., . Insulinomimetic Zn complex (Zn(opt)2) enhances insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Inorg. Biochem.. 2007;101(4):692-699.
[Google Scholar]

[8] Bhattacharya D., Gupta R.K., . Nanotechnology and potential of microorganisms. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.. 2005;25(4):199-204.
[Google Scholar]

[9] Bobo D., Robinson K.J., Islam J., Thurecht K.J., Corrie S.R., . Nanoparticle-based medicines: a review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. Pharm. Res.. 2016;33(10):2373-2387.
[Google Scholar]

[10] Bondarenko O., Juganson K., Ivask A., Kasemets K., Mortimer M., Kahru A., . Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: a critical review. Arch. Toxicol.. 2013;87(7):1181-1200.
[Google Scholar]

[11] Bullani R., El-Housseini Y., Giordano F., Larcinese A., Ciutto L., Bertrand P.C., Wuerzner G., Burnier M., Teta D., . Effect of intradialytic resistance band exercise on physical function in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a pilot study. J. Renal Nutr.. 2011;21(1):61-65.
[Google Scholar]

[12] Chausmer A.B., . Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.. 1998;17(2):109-115.
[Google Scholar]

[13] Diene, S.M., Merhej, V., Henry, M., El Filali, A., Roux, V., Robert, C., Azza, S., Gavory, F., Barbe, V., La Scola, B., Raoult, D., 2013. The rhizome of the multidrug-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes genome reveals how new “killer bugs” are created because of a sympatric lifestyle. Mol. Biol. Evol., 30(2), pp. 369-383.

[14] Ezhilarasi A.A., Judith Vijaya J., Kaviyarasu K., John Kennedy L., Ramalingam R.J., Al-Lohedan H.A., . Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos leaf extract for the evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 2018;180:39-50.
[Google Scholar]

[15] Ezhilarasi A.A., Vijaya J.J., Kaviyarasu K., Maaza M., Ayeshamariam A., Kennedy L.J., . Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera extract and their biomedical applications: Cytotoxicity effect of nanoparticles against HT-29 cancer cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 2016;164:352-360.
[Google Scholar]

[16] Ezhilarasi A.A., Vijaya J.J., Kaviyarasu K., Zhang X.u., Kennedy L.J., . Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Solanum trilobatum extract for cytotoxicity, antibacterial and photocatalytic studies. Surf. Interfaces. 2020;20:100553.
[Google Scholar]

[17] Ezhilarasi A.A., Vijaya J.J., Kennedy L.J., Kaviyarasu K., . Green mediated NiO nano-rods using Phoenix dactylifera (Dates) extract for biomedical and environmental applications. Mater. Chem. Phys.. 2020;241:122419.
[Google Scholar]

[18] Fall A., Ngom I., Bakayoko M., Sylla N.F., Elsayed Ahmed Mohamed H., Jadvi K., Kaviyarasu K., Ngom B.D., . Biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by using natural extract of Citrus sinensis. Mater. Today Proc.. 2021;36:349-356.
[Google Scholar]

[19] Haase H., Overbeck S., Rink L., . Zinc supplementation for the treatment or prevention of disease: current status and future perspectives. Exp. Gerontol.. 2008;43(5):394-408.
[Google Scholar]

[20] Hogstrand C., Kille P., Nicholson R.I., Taylor K.M., . Zinc transporters and cancer: a potential role for ZIP7 as a hub for tyrosine kinase activation. Trends Mol. Med.. 2009;15(3):101-111.
[Google Scholar]

[21] Iyyappa Rajan P., Judith Vijaya J., Jesudoss S.K., Kaviyarasu K., Lee S.C., John Kennedy L., Jothiramalingam R., Al-Lohedan H.A., Mahamad Abdullah M., . Investigation on preferably oriented abnormal growth of CdSe nanorods along (0002) plane synthesized by henna leaf extract-mediated green synthesis. R. Soc. Open Sci.. 2018;5(3):171430
[Google Scholar]

[22] Jeyabharathi S., Kalishwaralal K., Sundar K., Muthukumaran A., . Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) by aqueous extract of Amaranthus caudatus and evaluation of their toxicity and antimicrobial activity. Mater. Lett.. 2017;209:295-298.
[Google Scholar]

[23] Jeyabharathi, S., Kalishwaralal, K., Sundar, K., Muthukumaran, A., 2015.Green Synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles (ZnONPs) from the leaves of Eugenia jambolana and its toxicty effects in embryos of zebra fish (Daniorerio). Inter. Conf. Nanomat. Nanotech. At K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India, 2015, 5.

[24] Lin J., Opoku A.R., Geheeb-Keller M., Hutchings A.D., Terblanche S.E., Jäger A.K., van Staden J., . Preliminary screening of some traditional zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. J. Ethnopharmacol.. 1999;68(1-3):267-274.
[Google Scholar]

[25] Lin Y., Sun Z., . Current views on type 2 diabetes. J. Endocrinol.. 2010;204(1):1.
[Google Scholar]

[26] Mani M., Harikrishnan R., Purushothaman P., Pavithra S., Rajkumar P., Kumaresan S., Al Farraj D.A., Elshikh M.S., Balasubramanian B., Kaviyarasu K., . Systematic green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial activity. Environ. Res.. 2021;202:111627.
[Google Scholar]

[27] Mani M., Okla M.K., Selvaraj S., Kumar A.R., Kumaresan S., Muthukumaran A., Kaviyarasu K., El-Tayeb M.A., Elbadawi Y.B., Almaary K.S., Almunqedhi B.M.A., . A novel biogenic Allium cepa leaf mediated silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects on MCF-7 cell line. Environ. Res.. 2021;198:111199
[Google Scholar]

[28] Mani M., Pavithra S., Mohanraj K., Kumaresan S., Alotaibi S.S., Eraqi M.M., Gandhi A.D., Babujanarthanam R., Maaza M., Kaviyarasu K., . Studies on the spectrometric analysis of metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Basella alba leaf for the antibacterial activities. Environ. Res.. 2021;199:111274.
[Google Scholar]

[29] Martin P.M., Roon P., Van Ells T.K., Ganapathy V., Smith S.B., . Death of retinal neurons in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.. 2004;45(9):3330-3336.
[Google Scholar]

[30] Matinise N., Kaviyarasu K., Mongwaketsi N., Khamlich S., Kotsedi L., Mayedwa N., Maaza M., . Green synthesis of novel zinc iron oxide (ZnFe2O4) nanocomposite via Moringa Oleifera natural extract for electrochemical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci.. 2018;446:66-73.
[Google Scholar]

[31] Matinise N., Mayedwa N., Kaviyarasu K., Nuru Z.Y., Madiba I.G., Mongwaketsi N., Fuku X., Maaza M., . Zinc zirconate (ZnZrO3) nanocomposites bimetallic designed by green synthesis via Moringa Olefeira extract for high-performance electrochemical applications. Mater. Today Proc.. 2021;36:401-407.
[Google Scholar]

[32] Mayedwa N., Mongwaketsi N., Khamlich S., Kaviyarasu K., Matinise N., Maaza M., . Green synthesis of zin tin oxide (ZnSnO3) nanoparticles using Aspalathus Linearis natural extracts: structural, morphological, optical and electrochemistry study. Appl. Surf. Sci.. 2018;446:250-257.
[Google Scholar]

[33] Nakamoto K., . Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and Bioinorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.

[34] Nicolau D.P., Stein G.E., . Therapeutic options for diabetic foot infections: a review with an emphasis on tissue penetration characteristics. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc.. 2010;100(1):52-63.
[Google Scholar]

[35] Pullaiah T., . Medicinal Plants in Andhra Pradesh. India: Daya Books; 2002.

[36] Radhakrishnan R., Lakshmi D., Ali Khan F.L., Ramalingam G., Kaviyarasu K., . Bio-synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using neem leaf cake extract and its influence in the agronomical traits of vigna mungo plant. Asian J. Nanosci. Mater.. 2020;3(1):38-46.
[Google Scholar]

[37] Ramesh R., Yamini V., Sundaram S.J., Khan F.L.A., Kaviyarasu K., . Investigation of structural and optical properties of NiO nanoparticles mediated by Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract. Mater. Today Proc.. 2021;36:268-272.
[Google Scholar]

[38] Santhoshkumar J., Kumar S.V., Rajeshkumar S., . Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen. Resour.-Effic. Technol.. 2017;3(4):459-465.
[Google Scholar]

[39] Singh J., Dutta T., Kim K.H., Rawat M., Samddar P., Kumar P., . ‘Green’synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: applications for environmental remediation. J. Nanobiotechnol.. 2018;16(1):1-24.
[Google Scholar]

[40] Smidt K., Jessen N., Petersen A.B., Larsen A., Magnusson N., Jeppesen J.B., Stoltenberg M., Culvenor J.G., Tsatsanis A., Brock B., Schmitz O., . SLC30A3 responds to glucose-and zinc variations in ß-cells and Is critical for insulin production and in vivo glucose-metabolism during ß-cell stress. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(5):e5684
[Google Scholar]

[41] Stefani S., Ngatidjan S., Paotiana M., Sitompul K.A., Abdullah M., Sulistianingsih D.P., Shankar A.H., Agustina R., . Dietary quality of predominantly traditional diets is associated with blood glucose profiles, but not with total fecal Bifidobacterium in Indonesian women. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208815
[Google Scholar]

[42] Sun Q., Van Dam R.M., Willett W.C., Hu F.B., . Prospective study of zinc intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):629-634.
[Google Scholar]

[43] Suresh J., Pradheesh G., Alexramani V., Sundrarajan M., Hong S.I., . Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its anti-microbial as well as anticancer activities. Adv. Nat. Sci.: Nanosci. Nanotechnol.. 2018;9(1):015008
[Google Scholar]

[44] Thomas B., Vithiya B., Prasad T., Mohamed S.B., Magdalane C.M., Kaviyarasu K., Maaza M., . Antioxidant and photocatalytic activity of aqueous leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.. 2019;19(5):2640-2648.
[Google Scholar]

[45] Umrani R.D., Paknikar K.M., . Zinc oxide nanoparticles show antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. Nanomedicine. 2014;9(1):89-104.
[Google Scholar]

[46] Umrani, R.D., Paknikar, K.M., 2015. Jasada bhasma, a zinc-based ayurvedic preparation: Contemporary evidence of antidiabetic activity inspires development of a nanomedicine. Evidence-Based Comp. Alternative Med., 2015.

[47] Valsalam S., Agastian P., Arasu M.V., Al-Dhabi N.A., Ghilan A.K.M., Kaviyarasu K., Ravindran B., Chang S.W., Arokiyaraj S., . Rapid biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Tropaeolum majus L. and its enhanced in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer properties. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 2019;191:65-74.
[Google Scholar]

[48] Virtanen S.M., Knip M., . Nutritional risk predictors of β cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age. Am. J. Clin. Nutri.. 2003;78(6):1053-1067.
[Google Scholar]

Biological synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the plant extract, Wattakaka volubilis showed anti-microbial and anti-hyperglycemic effects

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Wattakaka volubilis

ZnONPs

Staphyllococcus epidermidis

Enterobacter aeurogens

Antimicrobial

Alloxan and antihyperglycemic

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis

2.2 Characterization of ZnONPs

2.2.1 FTIR analysis

2.2.2 X-ray diffraction study

2.2.3 The SEM-EDX mapping of ZnONPs

2.2.4 Experimental setup for alloxan administration

2.2.5 Measurement of glucose level in zebrafish blood

2.2.6 Anti-bacterial study

3 Results

3.1 Induction of hyperglycaemic effect in zebrafish

3.2 Effect of ZnONPs on hyperglycaemic zebrafish

3.3 Anti-Bacterial study of ZnONPs

4 Discussion

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Declaration of Competing Interest

References

Suggested read for related articles: