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A note on approximate controllability of second-order impulsive stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential system with infinite delay
⁎Corresponding author. vijaysarovel@gmail.com (V. Vijayakumar),
-
Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This article was originally published by Elsevier and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Abstract
This manuscript examines the approximate controllability of a second-order stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential system including delay and impulses. Primarily, by utilizing stochastic theory, the cosine family of operators, and the fixed point approach, we verify the existence of mild solutions for the given system. In particular, we establish a new set of sufficient requirements for the approximate controllability of the system. On the condition that the associated linear system is approximately controllable, the outcome is derived. In addition, we extend our system with nonlocal conditions. To demonstrate the theory of the primary outcomes, an example is shown.
Keywords
Mild solution
Multivalued maps
Fixed point theorem
Stochastic differential system
Infinite delay
34G20
35B41
47H04
60H20
93B05
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1 Introduction
In the field of mathematical control theory, controllability is one of the key ideas. Both finite and infinite dimensional systems have a powerful impact on the notion of controllability. Exact controllability and approximate controllability are the two basic notions of controllability in infinite-dimensional settings. The notion of exact controllability rarely applies to infinite-dimensional control problems. So, it is crucial to investigate approximate controllability. Mahmudov and Denker (2000), Mahmudov (2001) examined several kinds of controllability and established the required and adequate conditions for the controllability notions. In recent days, studying the numerical solution of differential systems is seeking great attention from many researchers. Further, Al-Smadi et al. (2014); Arqub and Rashaideh (2018) discussed the numerical solution of differential equations for periodic boundary value problems. Momani et al. (2020), the authors analyzed convergence for Lienard’s equation involving the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo model and established the piecewise optimal fractional reproducing kernel solution. Moreover, by using the Atangana-Baleanu fractional approach, Momani et al. (2020) introduced the reproducing kernel algorithm for the numerical solution of the Van der Pol damping model.
The theory of impulsive differential equations is currently receiving a lot of interest from researchers and has become a significant topic of study in recent years. Chang (2007) used the fixed point approach of Schauder along with the semigroup operator to provide an adequate requirement for the controllability of impulsive differential systems involving delay. Further, Sivasankaran et al. (2011) established the existence of global solutions for second-order impulsive differential systems via the Alternative fixed point approach of Leray–Schauder. Many biological processes use differential systems with impulsive conditions. Applications include thresholds, bursting rhythm models in biology and medicine, and frequency modulated systems. Consult the books (Bainov and Simeonov, 1993; Laksmikantham et al., 1989) for more information.
On the other hand, second-order differential systems have received much greater attention since they are utilized to analyze a variety of real-world issues. Sometimes it is advantageous to deal directly with second-order differential systems instead of converting them to first-order systems. It may be utilized to model a variety of physical processes. Hernández et al. (2009) investigated the existence of mild solutions for impulsive second-order neutral differential systems involving infinite delay via the concept of the cosine family of operators. By utilizing the fixed point approach of Bohnenblust-Karlin, the authors have established the approximate controllability of second-order differential systems in (Mahmudov et al., 2016). Recently, Vijayakumar et al. (2021b) examined the approximate controllability of second-order impulsive neutral differential systems consisting of Sobolev-type, impulses, neutral functions, and infinite delay via the fixed point theorems along with the cosine function of operators.
Stochastic differential systems are used in the development and analysis of mechanical, electrical, control engineering, and physical sciences, in addition to producing more realistic models. Ren and Sun (2002) verified the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions for second-order stochastic evolution systems consisting of neutral functions involving infinite delay via the successive approximation technique. Later, Sakthivel et al. (2010) investigated the approximate controllability of second-order stochastic equations involving impulsive effects by means of Hölder’s inequality, stochastic theory, and the fixed point approach. For more specifics, refer to the book (Mao, 1997) and the research papers (Mahmudov and Mckibben, 2006; Ren et al., 2011; Revathi et al., 2016; Yan, 2015).
Moreover, Volterra-Fredholm’s integrodifferential systems play an important role in the study of physics and biology. Chang and Chalishajar (2008) formulated the requirements for the controllability of Volterra-Fredholm-type integrodifferential systems by utilizing the fixed point theorem of Bohnenblust-Karlin along with the semigroup operator. Further, Muthukumar and Balasubramaniam (2011) used the Banach fixed point approach to discuss the approximate controllability of stochastic Volterra-Fredholm type integrodifferential equations. Recently, Vijayakumar et al. (2021a) verified the approximate controllability outcomes for fractional Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential systems consisting of the Sobolev type recently via fractional calculus, the cosine family of operators, and the fixed point technique.
Inspired by the above articles, this manuscript is concerned with studying the approximate controllability of second-order stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential system involving impulsive effects and infinite delay of the form
Let and be the -valued -measurable random variable independent of the Wiener process with a finite second moment. The control function is takes values in and is a separable Hilbert space. In addition, is a bounded linear operator. are multi-valued maps with closed graph. In addition, consider is the prefixed points. The jumps at the points belongs to are given by . Here and represent the right and left limits of at and at , respectively. For our convenience, we denote and .
The manuscript presentation plan is in the following way: We quickly give a few key facts and terminologies linked with our study in Section 2, which is used in the whole analysis of our work. Section 3 is designated for consideration of the approximate controllability. Section 4, continues our investigation of the system (1.1)–(1.3) with nonlocal circumstances. We offer an application that is presented to illustrate the concept of the primary outcomes in Section 5.
2 Preliminaries
To discuss our primary outcomes, we now introduce some basic concepts, key terms, and facts.
Make the assumption that is a complete probability space fitted with being a normal filtration. The expectation with respect to the measure is represented as . Consider the separable Hilbert spaces and denote a Wiener process with the bounded liner covariance operator . Let us consider that there is a system belongs to , with complete orthonormal and a bounded sequence of number and a sequence of independent Brownian motions such that and is the -algebra referring W.
The space of all bounded operators from into with the norm is represented by . Consider is the space containing all Hilbert–Schmidt operators with the norm and is known as a -Hilbert–Schmidt operator from . Consider is the space containing -measurable square integrable random variables along with values in . Let represents the Banach space of all -adapted, -valued measurable square integrable systems on . Suppose that the Banach space of continuous function from into is equipped with . The family of all -measurable is represented by -valued random variables .
Provided that is a measurable function, then it is Bochner integrable if is Lebesgue. Let be the Banach space of measurable functions supplied along with Consider the subsequent representations: Assume that maps from into presented as In the above .
Thus, and are metric space and generalized metric space respectively.
The abstract phase space is now represented.
Consider a continuous function maps from into with . For any , we introduce Suppose that is endowed with next, denotes a Banach space (Li and Liu, 2007; Ren and Sun, 2002).
Consider where is the restriction of z to . Set the seminorm belongs to given as
(SeeLi and Liu, 2007) “Assume that , then for . Moreover, where .”
(Fattorini, 1985; Kisyński, 1972; Travis and Webb, 1978) “ is said to be a strong continuous cosine family provided that
-
,
-
is continuous in on ,
-
.
Consider the sine family is given as The generator of is given by In the above .
It is known that the infinitesimal generator A is a closed densely defined operator on . Such cosine and corresponding sine families and their generators fulfill the subsequent properties.”.
(Fattorini, 1985; Kisyński, 1972; Travis and Webb, 1978) “Suppose that A is the infinitesimal generator of a cosine family of operators . Then the subsequent hold:
-
there exists and such that and hence, ,
-
,
-
there exists such that .”
Both and are uniformly bounded, according to the uniform boundedness principle paired with Lemma 2.3.
From Deimling (1992, 1997), we present some facts related to multi-valued maps.
“The multi-valued map fulfills the subsequent characteristics:
-
Provided that is convex (closed), for all , next a multivalued mapping is convex (closed). is bounded on bounded sets provided is bounded in , for any bounded set of , i.e,
-
is named u.s.c on , if for any in , the non-empty set is a closed subset of , and if for each open set of arresting an open neighborhood M of with
-
Provided that is relatively compact for all bounded subset , then is completely continuous.
-
Provided that has a closed graph and is completely continuous with nonempty values, then is u.s.c, that is, tends to tends to belongs to imply belongs to . If there is z belongs to such that z belongs to , then has a fixed point.
-
A multi-valued map into is called measurable provided that , the function maps from into , denoted by is measurable.”
(Deimling, 1992; Hu and Papageorgiou, 1997) “ The multi-valued function is called -Caratheodory provided that
-
is measuarble for each ;
-
is u.s.c for almost all ;
-
for each such that
To provide approximate controllability, let us define the operators: In the above and represents adjoints of and . The linear operator is bounded, as we can easily deduce.
To prove the approximate controllability of (1.1)–(1.3), we required the accompanying assumption:
-
:
as belongs to the strong operator topology.
From Mahmudov and Denker (2000), the assumption
is equivalent to the fact that the linear control problem
Lasota and Opial (1965, Lasota and Opial).“Suppose is a compact real interval, and is a Hilbert space. Consider G is an -Caratheodory multi-valued map and let be a linear continuous mapping from . Next, the operator is a closed graph operator in , where is known as the selectors set from G, is denoted by
Dhage (2006, Dhage).“Let and be two multi-valued operators defined on a Hilbert space . If is a contraction and is completely continuous. Then, either the operator inclusion has a solution when or the set is unbounded.”
3 Approximate controllability outcomes
The approximate controllability of (1.1)–(1.3) is the primary subject of this section. Let and before starting the main result, we provide the mild solution of (1.1)–(1.3).
A stochastic process is said to be a mild solution of (1.1)–(1.3) provided that
-
is measurable and adapted to .
-
has paths on a.s., , and and the impulsive conditions ( ) such that the subsequent integral equation hold
(3.1) -
on and fulfilling .
The subsequent assumptions were made for the problem analysis (1.1)–(1.3):
-
:
A is the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous cosine family on and fulfills for some positive constants and .
-
:
The operator is compact.
-
:
The multi-valued maps with closed graph and positive constants such that
-
:
is -Caratheodory function fulfills:
For every is measurable and the function is u.s.c . fixed in , the set for almost everywhere and which is nonempty.
-
:
The functions maps from into are continuous that fulfills the following conditions:
-
positive constants such that
-
.
-
.
-
-
The continuous functions , such that
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
:
-
a constant such that where .
-
an integrable function such that for a.e and , where maps from into is a continuous nondecreasing function with for each .
-
-
:
The following inequality holds where
(3.2)(3.3)(3.4)(3.5)(3.6)
To figure out the control function, the next lemma is required.
(Mahmudov, 2001) in .
Now,
and
, we define
The primary outcomes of the manuscript is the subsequent theorem.
Suppose that - are fulfilled. Provided that and , next , the second-order stochastic differential inclusions (1.1)–(1.3) has at least one mild solution on .
System (1.1)–(1.3) is converted into a fixed point system in order to demonstrate the existence of mild solutions.
, we examine the operator
determine as
the family of
For
, we now present
as
Let
. For any
, we obtain
hence
is a Banach space. Fix
for some positive constant
, then
is subset of
is uniformly bounded, and
. From Lemma 2.1, one can obtain
Step 1. Prove that is a contraction.
Assume that . By our assumptions, Lemma 2.1 and Hölder’s inequality, and since and , we get Taking supremum over , we get where . Hence, is a contraction.
Step 2. is completely continuous and has compact, convex values.
Claim 1. is convex .
In particular, provided that , next for each , one can get Let belongs to . Then , one can get We can easily show is convex, hence G has convex values. Therefore, . Consequently,
Claim 2. In maps bounded sets into itself.
Absolutely, it is necessary to prove thatthere exists , we obatin .
Provided that , next such that , Therefore, by the assumption , we obtain Then , we get .
Claim 3. maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of . Let . Then, we obtain and such that The RHS of the above result is independent of and as . As a result, the uniform operator topology is determined by the compactness of and for . Therefore, the set is equicontinuous.
Claim 4. is a compact multi-valued map.
According to the preceding claims, is a uniformly bounded and equicontinuous, as previously stated. maps into a precompact set belongs to by referring Arzela-Ascoli theorem, i.e., fixed is precompact belongs to .
Obviously, . Let be fixed and for , determine Because is compact, is precompact in x . Additionally, Therefore, In addition there are precompact sets are arbitrary close to . Therefore, is compact multi-valued map.
Claim 5. has a closed graph.
Assume tends to as tends to and tends to as tends to . Now, we prove . Because such that We must demonstrate that Now , because is continuous, we obtain Assume that , which is linear continuous operator, As a result, referring Lemma 2.6, is a closed graph operator. Consequently, referring to , we obtain Because , for some , from Lemma 2.6, Thus has a closed graph.
Thus, is a completely continuous multi-valued map with convex closed, upper semicontinuous, compact values.
Step 3. We will demonstrate that the family is bounded.
Consider
and
for
belongs to
we obtain
For
, by applying
and the Hölder’s inequality, we obtain
We conclude from Lemma 2.7 that has a fixed point, which is the mild solution of the system (1.1)–(1.3). This completes the proof.
“The state value of (1.1)–(1.3) at the terminal time is relating to u and the initial value . Describe the family which is called the reachable set of (1.1)–(1.3) at the terminal time and its closure in is denoted by . If , then the stochastic inclusions (1.1)–(1.3) is said to be approximately controllable on .”
Assume that - are fulfilled and is uniformly bounded. Furthermore, provided that and are compact, next the system (1.1)–(1.3) is approximately controllable on .
Suppose that
is a fixed point of
in
. According to Theorem 3.3, any fixed point of
is a mild solution of (1.1)–(1.3). This means that
; i.e., by the stochastic Fubini theorem
such that
It follows from the characteristics of
in
. Next, there is a subsequences, still stand for
and
which converges weakly to, say,
belongs to
and
belongs to
, respectively. The compactness of
and
, implies that
On the other hand,
belongs to
tends to 0 strongly as
and
. Therefore, using the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem,
4 Nonlocal conditions
The nonlocal condition has far more influence on physics than the classical initial condition: . Byszewski (1991); Byszewski and Akca (1997) introduced the Cauchy problem involving nonlocal conditions for a semilinear system to verify the existence and uniqueness of solutions. Later, Huan (2015) studied the controllability of nonlocal second-order impulsive neutral stochastic integrodifferential systems involving impulsive effects, neutral functions, infinite delay, and nonlocal circumstances in Hilbert spaces via the fixed point theorem along with the help of the cosine family of operators. Recently, the approximate controllability of second-order stochastic equations with nonlocal circumstances has been investigated by Arora and Sukavanam (2015) through the fixed point approach of Sadovskii. For more information, look at the published papers (Henríquez and Hernández, 2006; Henríquez et al., 2014; Mophou and N’Guerekata, 2009; N’Guerekata, 2009; Slama and Boudaoui, 2017).
Consider the form of the second-order impulsive stochastic Volterra-Fredholm delay integrodifferential system with nonlocal conditions
-
:
The continuous function h mapping from into and such that .
A stochastic process is said to be a mild solution of (4.1)–(4.4) provided that
-
is measurable and adapted to .
-
has paths on a.s., , and and the impulsive conditions ( ) such that the subsequent integral equation holds
(4.5) -
on and fulfilling .
Assume the assumptions - are fulfilled. In addition, the second-order stochastic differential inclusion (4.1)–(4.4) is approximately controllable on .
5 An example
Consider the second-order impulsive differential inclusions with control function
A has the infinitesimal generator of a strong continuous cosine family and sine family Therefore, it is obvious that and .
Now, we introduce . Assume then and let therefore, is a Banach space.
Characterize an infinite-dimensional space as The norm in is determined as . Now, determine a continuous linear mapping as Define is interpreted as .
Here for .
Assume Using the above discussion, we may convert (5.1)–(5.5) into (1.1)–(1.3). In addition, we conclude that every requirement of Theorem 3.5 is fulfilled, and we conclude that (5.1)–(5.5) is approximately controllable on .
6 Conclusion
This manuscript examined the approximate controllability of a second-order impulsive stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential system involving infinite delay in Hilbert spaces. Through the fixed point approach of Dhage due to multi-valued maps, stochastic theory, and the cosine function of operators, we have verified the existence of mild solutions for the given system. The sufficient condition for approximate controllability was formulated and proved. Following that, we have extended our system with the nonlocal condition. Finally, an application is shown to demonstrate the primary outcomes. In our upcoming work, we plan to estimate the present system involving mixed fBm. Following that, we will extend this valuable system to fractional differential inclusions of order using the fractional calculus.
Funding Statement
The work of Yong-Ki Ma was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2021R1F1A1048937). This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2023/R/1444).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Appendix A
Supplementary material
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102637.
Supplementary material
The following are the Supplementary data to this article: